Different Land Covers

Forest: Sweden is dominated by forests and this is reflected by three of the stations being placed in forested areas:
Svartberget (boreal pine),
Norunda (boreal pine and spruce), and
Hyltemossa (temperate spruce).

Wetlands are quite common throughout the Nordic countries, and therefore two stations are placed in such environments:
Abisko-Stordalen (sub-arctic fen) and
Degerö (boreal fen).

Agriculture: One site is located in an agricultural setting:
Lanna.

Ocean: Finally, one site covers the oceanic part:
Östergarnsholm.

ICOS Sweden Network

To get more information about a specific site click on the station name.

Different Station Types

Atmospheric stations deliver primarily data on greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. For common gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), the measurements take place continuously. Other gases, such as CO and N₂O, will be measured periodically. Within ICOS Sweden are these: Hyltemossa, Norunda, and Svartberget.

Ecosystem stations provide primarily data on greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes, as well as latent and sensible heat fluxes. In addition, several meteorological and soil parameters are measured. Furthermore, data on other ecosystem parameters will be collected periodically. Within ICOS Sweden are these: Abisko-Stordalen, Degerö, Hyltemossa, Lanna, Norunda, and Svartberget.

Oceanic stations measure CO₂ and other gases from ocean surface waters and the near-surface atmosphere. Within ICOS Sweden is this: Östergarnsholm.

	Instruments	Atmospheric Stations	Ecosystem Stations	Oceanic Stations
air temperature	Details    No Details Temperature and humidity sensor (Rotronic MP102H). Click to enlarge. Sonic anemometer (Metek uSonic-3 CLASS A) with the intake to a CO2/H2O gas analyzer in Norunda. Click to enlarge. Air temperature is determined with different sensors based on different techniques: thermocouple, resistance thermometer, and acoustically.
air pressure	Details    No Details Air pressure sensor (Vaisala PTB210) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The barometer uses a silicon capacitive sensor to determine air pressure.
carbon dioxide (CO2)	Details    No Details Enclosed CO2/H2O infrared gas analyzer (Licor LI-7200) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. CO2/CO/CH4/H2O gas analyzer (Picarro G2401) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. CO2/CH4/H2O gas analyzer (LGR FGGA) in Abisko-Stordalen. Click to enlarge. The CO2 concentration is determined with different sensors based three different techniques: infrared absorption, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, and Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy.
carbon monoxide (CO)	Details    No Details CO2/CO/CH4/H2O gas analyzer (Picarro G2401) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures CO2, CO, CH4, and water vapor concentrations based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy.
ground water level	Details    No Details Ground water sensor (Campbell CS450). Click to enlarge. The sensor is a pressure transducer (piezoresistive) and measures in addition the ground water temperature.
methane (CH4) (not in forest ecosystem stations)	Details    No Details CO2/CO/CH4/H2O gas analyzer (Picarro G2401) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. CO2/CH4/H2O gas analyzer (LGR FGGA) in Abisko-Stordalen. Click to enlarge. The CH4 concentration is determined with different sensors based two different techniques: cavity ring-down spectroscopy and Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy.
net radiation	Details    No Details Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen CNR4) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures all four components of the radiation balance.
nitrous oxide (N2O) (not in forests)
partial pressure of CO2 in the water
phenology camera
PPFD	Details    No Details PPDF sensor (Apogee SQ-110) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures the photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD).
precipitation	Details    No Details Precipitation balance (Geonor T200BM) in Degerö. Click to enlarge. The sensor uses a vibrating wire transducer to weight and thus to determine the precipitation.
snow height	Details    No Details Snow height sensor (Campbell SR50ATH) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures the snow height with the use of ultrasound and its echo.
soil heat flux	Details    No Details Soil heat flux plate (Hukseflux HFPSC01). Click to enlarge. The sensor is a thermopile measuring the soil heat flux, i.e. the energy passing it.
soil temperature	Details    No Details The sensor is a chromel-constantan thermocouple (type Campbell thermocouple type E) measuring soil temperature.
soil water content	Details    No Details Soil moisture sensor (Delta-T Theta Probe ML2x) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures the volumetric soil moisture content based on the fact that the apparent dielectric constant changes with the volumetric soil moisture content.
solar radiation	Details    No Details Incoming solar radiation sensor (Kipp & Zonen CMP21) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. Sunshine duration sensor (Delta-T BF5) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen CNR4) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensors measure incoming solar radiation with the use of a filter and a thermopile resp. photodiode.
sunshine duration	Details    No Details Sunshine duration sensor (Delta-T BF5) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures sunshine duration, total and diffuse incoming solar radiation with the use of filter and photodiodes.
surface temperature	Details    No Details Surface temperature sensor (Apogee SI-111). Click to enlarge. The sensor is measuring contact-free the temperature of a surface. It measures the infrared radiation being emitted by the surface with the use of a filter and a thermopile.
terrestrial radiation	Details    No Details Net radiometer (Kipp & Zonen CNR4) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures incoming and outgoing, terrestrial and solar radiation with the use of filter and thermopile.
trunk temperature (only in forests)	Details    No Details Installed tree temperature sensor (Omega thermocouple type T) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor is a copper-constantan thermocouple measuring the tree temperature just below the bark.
water vapor (H2O)	Details    No Details Enclosed CO2/H2O infrared gas analyzer (Licor LI-7200) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. CO2/CO/CH4/H2O gas analyzer (Picarro G2401) in Norunda. Click to enlarge. CO2/CH4/H2O gas analyzer (LGR FGGA) in Abisko-Stordalen. Click to enlarge. Temperature and humidity sensor (Rotronic MP102H). Click to enlarge. Water vapor concentration resp. relative humidity is determined with different sensors based on different techniques: infrared absorption, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy, and capacitivity.
wave properties
wind vector	Details    No Details Sonic anemometer (Metek uSonic-3 CLASS A) with the intake to a CO2/H2O gas analyzer in Norunda. Click to enlarge. The sensor measures the wind vector, i.e. in all three dimensions, and the acoustic temperature with the use of ultrasound.